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- PESTICIDE SPRAYING TECHNIQUES, MEANING AND VALUE
- BY:
- GAMAL I. OSMAN
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- Several Epidemic Diseases such as Bird Flu, West Nile Virus have spread
in several parts of the world and have been added to the List of the
Most Serious and Fatal Diseases.
These diseases such as
Malaria, Rift Valley Fever, Dengue Fever, Lieshmaniasis, Yellow
Fever and others are the number one killer among Children and Elderly
People. In case of a Disease Epidemic outbreak, the Pesticides and
Spraying Equipments as well as Application Techniques are the only Tools
available for Massive Killing of the Insects, which carry the Vector,
before they can lay more eggs
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- Scientists agreed that Pesticides and Spraying Techniques play the most
important role in achieving the Maximum Efficiency and Fast results in
Pest Control Programs. The Pesticide Spraying Technique known as the
Method of Pesticide Atomization and Application which involves
transferring Pesticides from Liquid form into a Spectrum of Droplet Size
. Spraying Equipment is the Effective Tool Being Used to deliver the
Pesticides in The form of Droplet Size to achieve full Coverage and Deep
Penetration on the target areas. The Spectrum of Droplet Size, Number
and Manner of Distribution are the Key Factors for carrying out the most
Effective and the Successful Insect and Disease Control Program in any
Vector Control Campaign.
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- The proper Pesticide Spraying Technique has to produce the Optimum
Droplet Size (ODS) for Control of any Insects, which gives the Maximum
Efficiency of Pesticides by using the Lowest Quantity and Minimum
Environmental Pollution.
- Lack of Experience and
Insufficient Knowledge about Pesticide Applications and Spraying
Techniques around the world have created several Environmental and
Health problems. These range from severe Environmental Pollution,
Deterioration in Community Public Health Systems Due to Pesticide
Toxicity, In addition to severe loss in Agricultural Crops and
substantial Damage to the Livestock resources, as well as recorded
Resistance by both insects and parasites to Pesticides and Medicines
Treatment.
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- There are three Major Sources of Energy
available to atomize Pesticides
- into Droplet Size Spectrums and forming the Pesticide Spray Pattern,
where Pesticides Spraying Techniques can be identified. These are:
- 1.) Hydraulic Energy
- 2.) Centrifugal Energy
- 3.) Pneumatic Energy
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- In order to obtain a better understanding of the battle which humans
face against
- survival whether due to epidemic diseases or insects which put the
health of
- humans under severe hazards,
knowledge of several
definitions are essentially
- required for a better
understanding of the principles of the spraying method
- technology.
- Pest: The pest is any living
organism causing damage to human beings.
- Pesticides: Pesticides are any
toxic material which cause killing of any pest.
- Spraying Equipment: the unit which is responsible to atomize the chemical pesticide
- and disperse it in a very fine and uniformed spray pattern which produce droplets size of
- the pesticide being used and form the spectrum of droplet size.
- Spectrum of Droplet size: It
covers the minimum diameter and the maximum diameter of the droplet size
produced by spraying equipment, which may vary from one micron up to 500
microns (1 ml equal to 1,000 microns) .
Any droplet size larger than 300 microns is not considered an
effective droplet size, but it can be called wash spray.
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- Flow Rate (output) : measures the
quantity of the chemical pesticide dispersed by the
- spraying equipment within the
time unit. Usually the flow 9
output ) rate can be measured either by liter per hour or gallon per
hour.
- Pesticide Application Rate “ Spray Volume”: measures the quantity of pesticides
- mixed in water, diesel or
kerosene either in liter or gallon per acre or hectare.
- Effective Swath Width of Spraying Equipment: measures the effective spectrum
droplet size and its numbers
within the spray patterns Which is measured in
- Meters or Yards.
- Speed of Operation: This
indicates the speed of operation either for the technician who
- carries the spraying equipment or
the vehicle upon which the spraying equipment is
- mounted. The recommended speed of
operation for the worker or the technician who
- carries the spraying equipment is 2 to 4 kilometers per hour. The recommended speed
- of a vehicle which carries the spraying equipment is not more than 16
kilometer per
- hour or 10 Mile per hour.
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- Optimum Droplet Size: Optimum
droplet size is the size of the droplets which give the
- maximum efficiency of the
pesticides using the lowest quantity of chemical and
- minimum environmental pollution.
Scientists have found that there is a Negative
- Relationship between the Droplet Size and the Toxicity of the Pesticide
being used.
- Whenever the Droplet Size is Reduced, the Toxicity of the Pesticide is
increased until
- a certain limit. Wind speed,
Temperature,and Humidity have a Great Impact and
- Effect on the Droplet Size of the Pesticide used in the treated
area. There is a Negative
- Relationship between Temperature and Wind Speed. However, there is a Positive
- Relationship between Droplet Size and Humidity in the area treated.
- Time of Application: The best
time for applying Pesticides is the Early Morning before
- Sunrise continuing for a maximum
of Five Hours, which means from 5:30 AM to 10:30
- AM. Another time of Pesticide
Application on the same day can be before sunset for
- another Four to Five hours. No
Spraying Application is recommended during the
- time From 10:30 AM to 5:00 PM due
to the Unsuitable weather conditions, “High
- Temperature and Wind Speed with less Humidity.”
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- Pesticides must be delivered in the form of Thermal Fogging by using
Thermal Fogging Machines. The Pesticides must be diluted Either with
Diesel Or Kerosene or Mineral Oil at a rate ranging from 5% up to 20% or
more. Water cannot and should not be used due to the High Heat of this
Spraying Technique which will definitely cause substantial Evaporation
of the Pesticide being used. The spectrum droplet size of the Thermal
Fogging Technique varies from 1 Micron up to 50 Microns.
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- (a) Jet Fogger (JF) - This unit consists of a burner, carburetor and fog
tube in addition to a Pesticide tank, which is operated by two 1.5-volt
dry batteries. The advantages of this jet fogger is that it is simple,
light and cheap. However, the major disadvantages comes where up to 45%
of the Pesticides Active Ingredients are Burned up before the Pesticides
transfer into a Thermal Fog. This creates the Sub-Lethal Dose of
Pesticides and encourages insects such as Mosquitoes, House Flies, Sand
Flies, among others, to develop a Resistance against Pesticides.
- (b) Turbine Power Fogging Machine (TPFM) - which consists of a Gasoline Engine, Turbine Blower and
Combustion Chamber ( Burner )where the Pesticide is 100% Protected and
safe from any Degradation or Burning. All different types of Tifa
Thermal Power Fogging Machines, such as the TIFA 100E, 1504, TAPA, and TINA which are
Turbine Power Fogging Type . The
Tifa Portable Fogger Model SN-95 which is a Jet Fogger type.
Furthermore, The amount of the fog produced by TPFM is more than 10
times the amount of fog produced by the Jet Fogger Which reach much
further distance with much more penetration of the treated area and
better coverage.
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- Pesticides are atomized to form a very small droplet size without using
any Thermal or Heat Energy where the Pesticides must be diluted in
Water, Kerosene or Diesel at a rate of 5% up to 20%. The Spectrum Droplet Size varies from
20 Microns up to 200 Microns. CFT is highly recommended for control of
both adult insects and larvae, particularly Mosquitoes and House Flies,
due to the longer residual effects, which may last up to l0 days or
more. It is Highly Recommended to use the Cold Fogging Technique around
the Meat and Fish Markets, Vegetable and Fruit Sales Centers and other
Public Places due to its Minimum Pesticide Concentration.
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- There is no dilution of Pesticides using this Spraying Technique and
only ULV equipment is used to disperse ULV Pesticides which are highly
Concentrated. The Spectrum of Droplet Size varies from 10 Microns up to
150 Microns with high concentrated coverage of Pesticide being achieved.
The Residual Effects of Pesticides may last up to 21 days. The
Application of this technique needs a highly skilled technician with a
strong knowledge of Pesticides and better Understanding of The Spraying
Techniques in order to eliminate Toxicity and Environmental Pollution.
Applying the ULV technique near vegetables, fruits, fish, meat markets
or public places is strongly prohibited.
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- Pesticides must be diluted in Water, Kerosene or Diesel at the rate of
5% up to 20%. The Droplet Size varies from 40 microns up to 300 microns.
RLT is highly recommended for both Indoor and Outdoor treatments,
particularly against Adult Mosquitoes and Larvae. Pesticide Residual Effect can last up
to 20 days which is based on the Type of Pesticide Group being used.
Pesticide Water Solutions are highly recommended as residual Application
Treatment Inside Houses, Tents and Living Quarters Unlike the Use of
Kerosene or diesel which produce bad odors and can cause severe hazards
in the Living areas treated.
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- There is no rule of Droplet Size in this Technique. This Technique is
considered as a Washing Spray and used as Mass Application of Pesticides
where the Droplet Size is more than 300 Microns. This Technique is
Essentially Required to Treated Mosquito-Breeding Places such as Water
Bodies, Marshlands, Landfills and Garbage Collection Facilities,
Dumpster and Garbage Collection Boxes.
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- Scientists, Public Health Experts and Field Experience have found that
the Type of Pesticide Spraying Technique plays an Important Role in
achieving the most Effective Result from Pesticides being used in the
Vector Control Campaign. In order to achieve the Most Effective Results
for any Vector Control Program, All of the above Pesticide Spraying
Techniques Must be Utilized since there is no single Pesticide Spraying
Technique that can Control any Insect by itself. Integrated Pesticide Spraying
Techniques must be Implemented Particularly at the Time of the Epidemic
and Disease Outbreak . No Pesticide Spraying Technique should be ruled
out in any Vector Control Program.
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- For Example, The Droplet size plays an important role to achieve the
best result of Pesticide Treatment where The Value of the Pesticide
Spraying Technique is based on the Relationship between the Droplet Size
produced and their distribution. There is a Positive Relationship
between the Droplet Size and the Size of the Insects being controlled.
Small Size Insects need Small Droplet Size of Pesticide for the Highest
Killing Percentage. As a result,
The Mosquito Adults are effectively controlled using Droplet Size
ranging between 15 Microns to 25 Microns, while the House Flies will
need a larger droplet size for the best result ranging between 25
Microns to 35 Microns.
- These Spectrums of Droplet Size can be easily found in the Thermal and
Cold Fogging Spraying Techniques as well as the ULV Application
Technique. See copy of the
Attached Atomization and the Mechanize of the Pesticide Droplet size
Formation for further guidance. It is highly recommended to used these
three Pesticide Spraying Techniques Intervals for Insects and Diseases
Control so that the Most Effective result can been achieved and
Pesticide Resistance can be Eliminated, as well as the Minimization of
Environmental Pollution.
- The Time of the Pesticide Spraying Application must be carefully
considered so that the Pesticide Spray will hit the Insects during their
presence at the target area.
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- In general, Early Morning and before sunset are considered the Optimum
Time for Pest Control Application. However, In the case of Malaria
Control, the best time for Pesticide Application is before Sunset and at
Nighttime, as this is the time when the Mosquito Anopheles attacks its
Victims. On the other hand, For Control of Dengue Fever, the best time
for Pesticide Application is Early Morning and before Sunset for the
Mosquito Aedes. In addition, for Control of Rift Valley Fever or West
Nile Virus, the Nighttime is the most suitable time for Pesticide
Application while the Culex Mosquito is present and active.
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- Metrological Conditions " Temperature, Relative Humidity and Wind
" and the type of the Nozzles, as well as Operation pressure, are
no less important than the above Pesticide Spraying Parameters to which
further attention must be Considered in order to secure the Best Results
of the Insect and Disease Control Programs and minimize the Environment
Pollution.
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- For example, if the Tifa 100E machine has been calibrated to be used in
a treated area based upon the following parameters:
- (a) Spray Volume per Hectare (one liter)
- (b) Swath Width in Meters (100).
- (c) Operation Speed of vehicle should be 10 kilometers per hour.
- The flow rate (Metric System)
based on the above-mentioned information
- can calculated as follows: Output or Flow Rate in liters per
minute.
- FR= A x B x C
- Where; 600
- FR = Flow Rate in liters/ minute
- A = Swath Width in meters
- B = Rate of Application in
liters/ hectare
- C = Operation Speed in km/hour
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- FR =
A- x B-
x C- (Standard American
System)
- 252
- FR- = Flow Rate in Gallons per
Minute
- A- = Swath width in Meters
- B- = Rate of Application in Liters per
Acre
- C- = Operation Speed in Miles per Hour
- FR = 1 x 100 x 10 = 1.67
- 600
- 1.67 x 60 = 100.2 Liter per Hour
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- Based on this Formula Application, The Particle Size Selector Valve
setting on TIFA 100E must be Adjusted to meet with the 100.2 liters per
hour of the flow rate which can
be provided when the Particle Size Selector Valve is set on NO. 5 of its
scale. Productivity and Rate of
Performance are Essentially and need to be calculated in order to
determine the Total Area being treated during the Pest Control
Application.
- Productivity is known as the Number of Treated Areas in Hectares per
Hour and the Rate of Performance is known as the Number of the Total
Treated area per Day. Based on
the above Calculations, the rate of productivity is 100 Hectares per
Hour, since the flow rate of the Tifa 100E machine has been adjusted to
produce 100 liters per hour. Each
liter of mixed pesticide covers one Hectare, so that the total area
treated is 100 Hectares per Hour.
Based on Eight Hours of Operation (four hours in the morning and
four hours in the afternoon), the Rate of Performance for the Tifa 100E
Machine per Day is 100 x 8 = 800 Hectares ( 2000 Acres ).
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- Based upon the speed of the vehicle and the effective swath widths
produced by the Tifa 100E machine, if the vehicle is operated at a speed
of 10 kilometers per hour and effective Swath Width is 100 meters,
- the total area treated = 10,000
meter/hour x 100 meters Equal 1,000,000 square meters which divided by
10,000 ( one hectare = 10,000 square meters) . The total treated area is 100 Hectares
which matches with the Same Formula of the Flow Rate and the Calibration
of the Tifa 100E Machine which was Conducted Before.
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Notes
